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I think that it depends on the level of academic output.  For example, an original dissertation for a doctorate should reference less than 10% in order to take into consideration the literature review where properly cited direct quotes from subject matter experts are most likely to occur. However in a dissertation, you are asked to synthesize material and then generate your own information so the content should be primarily original.  That being said, a master's thesis may be permitted up to 20% because most of the paper is more heavily reliant on existing authorities. I would suggest that when writing a manuscript for publication, apart from a few quotations with proper citations, there should be a minimal amount such as 5-7%. I recall in my dissertation, I had approximately 6% and several items that were similar were headings that were typically used by the program such as ..."this document is in compliance with university requirements etc...."  There is some levity at the undergraduate level where ideas of others are being learned and relied upon on a given subject.  However, I think that we should expect that even undergrads and high school students should be able to properly summarize content. Unfortunately, this skill is not always acquired in the K-12 experience  though the emphasis on this ability has been more recently emphasized .